{"id":2556,"date":"2026-06-25T08:31:13","date_gmt":"2026-06-25T08:31:13","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/bomuldsfabriken.no\/?page_id=2556"},"modified":"2026-06-30T11:27:19","modified_gmt":"2026-06-30T11:27:19","slug":"the-history-of-torbjornsbu-gruve_eng","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/bomuldsfabriken.no\/en\/gruvene-skulpturpark_eng\/the-history-of-torbjornsbu-gruve_eng\/","title":{"rendered":"The history of Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve"},"content":{"rendered":"
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The largest open-pit mine in Agder<\/h3>\r\n \r\n
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Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve is part of the so-called Arendal field \u2014 a geological belt stretching from Tvedestrandsfjorden to Fevik near Grimstad, and exceptionally rich in high-quality iron ore. Close to 400 mines and prospects have been registered in the area, but Torbj\u00f8rnsbu is the largest and best-preserved open-pit mine among them.<\/p>\n

The Arendal ore quickly became highly sought after because it was particularly pure and free from impurities such as sulphur. It was therefore suitable not only for cast iron, but also for wrought iron. In addition, the deposits here were extensive, and it has been estimated that from around 1620 to around 1870, the Arendal mines supplied two thirds of all ore used by the Norwegian ironworks. The deposit in Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve was so large that \u2014 much like a snow cave that can collapse if it becomes too large \u2014 the \u201croof\u201d of the mine was eventually blasted away, turning it into an open-pit mine. The iron ore did not run out, but mining operations eventually ceased as the ironworks were forced to give way to foreign competitors.<\/p>\n

As one of Norway\u2019s main suppliers of iron ore, the mining activity also had great local significance. Over the centuries, there were three ironworks in the area: N\u00e6s Jernverk, Egelands Verk and Froland Verk. Yet Arendal never became a mining town in the same way as Kongsberg or R\u00f8ros. Arendal remained a raw-material supplier and a sailing-ship town. Perhaps this is why much of the local mining history has been forgotten. It is estimated that in 1765, between 150 and 225 miners were employed in the Arendal mines, but many more people were involved in the mining industry. Farmers who lived within a mining works\u2019 sphere of obligation were required to supply firewood for fire-setting and to provide horses and carts for transporting the ore down to the ships that would carry it onward. If mining and related activities are included, it has been estimated that the industry accounted for around 300\u2013400 man-years around 1765. Some have also argued that the mining activity was one of the reasons why a money economy developed early around Arendal. In 1770, 35 ore ships were registered in Arendal alone, so shipping also benefited from the mining industry.<\/p>\n

Iron in Agder<\/h3>\n

Iron was produced in Agder as early as the Iron Age. At that time, iron was extracted from bog ore by smelting it in a so-called bloomery pit, where the temperature was raised using bellows. As the need for iron increased, new methods of extraction were developed. This knowledge came with mining specialists from Germany and Sweden. Exactly how they found the iron deposits hidden in the rock and ground in the late Middle Ages is difficult to determine. They may have used compasses, observing how they reacted near iron ore, or they may have read traces in the surrounding landscape, such as rust-coloured streams and lakes, and liverleaf growing along ridges. Liverleaf thrives in calcareous soil \u2014 and where there is a lot of lime, there is often also a lot of iron. Iron ore releases large amounts of lime.<\/p>\n

The beginning in Barbu<\/h3>\n

Arendal was settled in the 16th century, and the first traces of mining here are almost 450 years old. On 25 May 1574, the lord of Nedenes, Erik Munk, was granted permission by the Danish king to establish an ironworks furnace in Barbu. It was to be used for smelting iron ore, probably from the deposits at Steins\u00e5s and Torbj\u00f8rnsbu. Little written documentation from this period has been preserved, and it is not known with certainty whether Erik Munk actually succeeded in establishing the ironworks furnace. Munk gained a reputation as an unpopular and cynical businessman. In 1585, he was arrested and imprisoned in Copenhagen, where he died a few years later. Among other things, he was accused of fornication, because he had fathered a child outside marriage. But this little boy was given the name Jens Munk, born in Barbu in 1579, and he did well for himself. He became a great seafarer and a well-known name in Canada, where, among other things, Jens Munk Island is named after him.<\/p>\n

From ironworks furnace to ironworks<\/h3>\n

What happened to the ironworks furnace and operations in Barbu after Erik Munk was arrested is uncertain. From 1605, however, Israel Doest from Freiberg in Saxony received permission and approval from the Danish king Christian IV to exploit the large iron ore deposits in Barbu. The ironworks furnace was subsequently operated by many different parties. Here, wrought iron was produced using a bloomery hearth process. A bloomery hearth was a simple furnace or hearth in which iron ore and charcoal were layered while air was supplied. Later, blast furnaces were introduced \u2014 the first documented in B\u00e6rum in 1621 \u2014 making it possible to produce cast iron as well. The blast furnace burned continuously and transformed the ore into molten iron using large amounts of charcoal. At the bottom of the blast furnace, the molten iron and slag could be tapped separately, because the iron was heaviest and flowed out first. Barbu is said to have had a blast furnace from 1646. Barbu jernverk remained in operation until the 1660s. Some of the equipment may later have been transferred to Baaseland Verk in Holt, which became N\u00e6s Jernverk in 1738.<\/p>\n

Under the law, it was the landowner who had the right to prospect for iron ore on his properties, and several citizens of Arendal became involved in mining. Towards the end of the 17th century, Torbj\u00f8rnsbu was owned by the customs officer Rasmus Christensen and co-owners in Arendal. They operated the mine and sold the ore to the privileged ironworks owners in Eastern Norway. The Arendal ore was highly sought after \u2014 so sought after that it did not remain in local ownership for long.<\/p>\n

The count in Larvik<\/h3>\n

In Larvik sat Ulrik Fredrik Gyldenl\u00f8ve \u2014 Governor-General of Norway, illegitimate son of the Danish king and half-brother of the future king. He purchased Fritz\u00f8e jernverk and its associated landed estates in 1670, and the following year this was turned into the county of Laurvigen. The demand for iron ore for the works was great. At this time, the Arendal mines were well known for their large deposits and high quality. Thanks to his connections higher up in the system, Gyldenl\u00f8ve secured, by royal resolution in 1692, the right to buy the Arendal mines he wanted. He thereby took over the mines at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu, Br\u00e5stad, Klodeborg and Lerestvedt. The money and power were located in Larvik, and were represented in Arendal by a mining agent based at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu farm. Most of the documentation preserved from the following centuries consists precisely of the communication between this agent and the county.<\/p>\n

King Frederik V \u2014 the hope of the kingdom<\/h3>\n

Gyldenl\u00f8ve used his close connections to the royal house in Copenhagen, and sold many of the finished products there. Many Fritz\u00f8e stoves can still be found in old houses in Copenhagen, and these probably contain iron from Arendal. There was no doubt that the mines were important to the county. When the Danish king Frederik V was to visit Larvik in 1749, twelve miners, mine foreman Reichelt from Br\u00e5stad and agent Henrich Connis from Torbj\u00f8rnsbu were brought in to take part in the reception. All the miners were dressed in brand-new miners\u2019 uniforms and equipped with new tools, and when the king arrived in Larvik, the miners from Arendal walked almost at the front of the procession \u2014 behind the blacksmiths, who had the highest status, and others from the Fritz\u00f8e works. For the workers, it must have felt like entering another world. No expense was spared for the king\u2019s visit. For the celebration, the county is said to have set up an indoor \u201cwine spring\u201d \u2014 a kind of fountain from which wine flowed.<\/p>\n

Disputes over money and unrest<\/h3>\n

There is little doubt that such a lifestyle was costly, and the count did not always prioritise sending sufficient funds back to the mining operations in Arendal. It was therefore the agent Henrich Connis, the county\u2019s representative at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu farm in the 1760s and 1770s, who had to bear the burden and distribute the funds as best he could. In 1767, the farmers in Moland had had enough of the constant lack of payment, and submitted a letter of complaint addressed to the count. In the letter, they made it clear that they would no longer deliver firewood or transport ore until they had been paid for work already completed. As agent, Connis had to try to remain on good terms with both parties, but he nevertheless went far in expressing that the farmers were in the right when he passed on their complaint \u2014 their \u201clamentation\u201d \u2014 in a letter to Larvik: \u201c\u2026 which their lamentation and grievance everyone must admit does not occur without reason and on the basis of truth.\u201d On one occasion, Connis wrote that the count owed the farmers a total of 950 riksdaler, corresponding to around 10\u201320 man-years. He then received 400 riksdaler from Larvik, which he had to distribute tactically between the Moland farmers and others waiting for their wages. Connis managed to calm the situation, and most things continued as before, with a constant struggle over money.<\/p>\n

From ore to stove<\/h3>\n

Many people were involved in the process from the extraction of the ore to its arrival at the ironworks. This was carried out in roughly the same way at all the mines. First, the rock was heated by fire-setting, then the ore was hacked loose by hand using hammer and chisel. Later, black powder was also introduced, especially in Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve. The first presumed use of gunpowder in Norway is dated to 1655 at Lilledal copper mine in Sunnhordaland. It was probably taken into use later at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu. In daylight, the ore was hand-sorted before being transported to the ironworks. Farmers in the area around the mines were required to supply firewood for fire-setting, and they also had to provide horses and carts or sledges to transport the ore down to the nearest harbour, for example Malmbrygga in the town centre. There, the ore was loaded onto ore ships and sent to Larvik. At the ironworks, the ore was crushed and heated together with charcoal in open furnaces. The purpose was to remove other components from the ore, a process known as roasting. The ore was then mixed with charcoal and filled into the large blast furnace. At the bottom of the blast furnace, the temperature reached around 1,500 degrees Celsius. The pig iron sank to the bottom, where it could be tapped and used for casting. Iron intended for forging first had to be processed so that it would not be brittle.<\/p>\n

The open-pit workings at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu<\/h3>\n

It is difficult to say exactly how the mines at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu were worked from the late 16th century onwards, but there were three mines at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu: \u201cTorbj\u00f8rnsbu store gruve\u201d, \u201cTorbj\u00f8rnsbu vestre skjerp\u201d and \u201cHvidormen\u201d. The largest mine eventually became so large that the roof would no longer hold, and from no later than the mid-18th century it was operated mainly in summer \u2014 as an open-pit mine \u2014 with some deep shafts underground. Unfortunately, there is no overview of the hidden mine galleries, but rumour has it that beneath the open-pit mine there is a cavity large enough to hold the whole of Arendal\u2019s old town hall.<\/p>\n

The geological structures in the Arendal area run parallel to the coast, but dip steeply southwards at an angle of around 70 degrees. Much suggests that the iron ore deposit was particularly large and wide at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu, and that the mines took their form from the deposits. But Torbj\u00f8rnsbu did not consist only of iron ore. The rock here was also known to contain many other interesting minerals, and specialists came from all over the world to inspect the mines. Among them was the German mineralogist J. F. L. Hausmann, who visited Arendal during his journey through Scandinavia in 1806\u201307. In his travel account Reise durch Skandinavien in den Jahren 1806 und 1807<\/em>, he described Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve as follows:<\/p>\n

\u201cOn the same road that leads to Barbu, one also comes to Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve, if one does not turn aside but continues northwards. It lies at almost the same distance from the town, on the slope of a hill. It is worked only as an open-pit mine, but the enormous masses of iron-bearing rock exposed here are a majestic sight to behold. It is the mightiest and most extensive of all the deposits in the entire Arendal area. The fairly regularly arranged stopes were between eight and ten lachter wide, and still the end of the deposit could not be seen. Across these workings, a mighty arch of less rich magnetic ironstone, or magnetite, has been left standing. It is an impressive sight when, from the depths, one looks up through the black vault decorated with winding bushes and sees the sunlit open-pit workings beyond, or when, from these, one looks down into the dark crypt.\u201d<\/em><\/p>\n

Injuries and accidents<\/h3>\n

There are no statistics showing how many people were injured or killed in the mines at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu over the years, but in 1769 agent Connis reported a serious accident to the chief inspector of the county, Friderich Ludvig Fabricius. A gunpowder charge went off too early, and headman Ole Larsen Sandkleven was thrown several metres backwards by the explosion. His eyes were badly injured, and the doctor had to amputate two fingers to prevent infection. There was no healthcare system ready to take care of people at that time, but in a letter to Larvik, agent Connis requested a small contribution for headman Sandkleven, so that he could pay his medical bill and survive until he was able to resume his work at the mine.<\/p>\n

Royal salute<\/h3>\n

There were also occasional royal visits to Arendal. At the entrance to Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve there is, among other things, a monogram from 1793, probably dedicated to Count Frederik Ahlefeldt-Laurvig, although this is not known for certain. On 18 August 1813, however, Arendal was visited by Prince Christian Frederik, who was proclaimed King of Norway at Eidsvoll in 1814. The following day, he was shown Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve. The then head of Fritz\u00f8e\u2019s Arendal mines, the mining officer Michelsen, arranged a proper salute by blasting out a new mine gallery in honour of the prince and his entourage.<\/p>\n

It is difficult to find an exact year for when mining operations ceased at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve, but after Fritz\u00f8e and Frolands Verk were closed in the 1860s, mining at Torbj\u00f8rnsbu also came to a halt. The last mine to close in the district was Br\u00e5stad in 1975 \u2014 when you park at OBS at Stoa today, there are eleven storeys of mine galleries beneath you. According to some sources, Torbj\u00f8rnsbu gruve was maintained until 1876 by two salaried miners who supervised the drainage equipment. Otherwise, there is little documentation of what followed until 1898. That year, Arendals Bomuldsfabrik was built and operated as a textile factory until the mid-1950s. After that, many different businesses and activities occupied the site until the municipality purchased the building and surrounding areas in 1992.<\/p>\n

From the 1950s to the 1960s, the open-pit mine was used as a waste dump, and car parts, petrol pumps and other objects from different phases of consumer history can still be seen beneath the walkway that stretches through the mine. Altogether, the waste forms a layer approximately seven to eight metres deep throughout the open-pit mine.<\/p>\n

When mining began around 500 years ago, an entire farm could manage with about one kilogram of iron per year. Today, each one of us indirectly uses several hundred kilograms of iron and steel every year.<\/p>\n

What is known for certain, however, is that during the 20th century Barbu once again became an important local centre. The first electricity works were established here, providing light for the town\u2019s streets and houses.<\/p>\n <\/div>\r\n \r\n <\/div>\r\n\r\n<\/div>\r\n\n\n\r\n

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